Review of the evolution of magnetorheological fluid-based rehabilitative devices: from the perspective of modelling, sensors and control strategies

Over the past decade, rehabilitative devices have undergone significant advancements. Orthoses, which are assistive limb devices, transitioned from passive supportive to active or semiactive with adjustable damping. Similarly, prosthetic limb-replacement for amputees shifted towards integration of dampers instead bulky dampers. The implementation damping is achieved through use smart magnetorheological (MR) fluids that can modify their viscosity based on input current, resulting in reduced power consumption. This article focuses mainly modelling, sensors and control strategies MR damper-based since these areas contribute development overall end product. There been notable improvements modelling human knee joints system components, aiming achieve more efficient control. Traditional mathematical equations, such as Lagrangian Newtonian formulations, supplemented machine learning algorithms. Additionally, utilization various sensor combinations measure knee/ankle joint angles has advanced. These range basic mechanical wireless inertial piezoelectric sensors, enabling faster diverse communication. Furthermore, algorithms also witnessed a progression classical approaches sophisticated fuzzy neural network controllers. advanced enhance performance responsiveness devices. However, there certain disadvantages found fluids, discussed further this review article. explores developments different integrate designs optimal outcomes.